How long is a typical migraine?

Migraine is a complex neurological condition that can cause a variety of symptoms. In addition to a severe headache, migraines can involve nausea, fatigue, and sensitivity to light and sound. 

There are four stages of a migraine: the prodromal stage, aura, headache pain, and postdrome stage. 

A migraine can last anywhere from a few hours to days. The overall duration varies because each phase has its own time range. 

Because they are such a complex condition, scientists don't fully understand migraines. 

People with migraines can have very different experiences, with symptoms and their severity varying from person to person. In fact, migraine attacks may not involve every stage.

The latest on migraines

Similar to some other neurological conditions, researchers don’t fully understand what causes migraines. While the science behind it is constantly evolving, recent studies have provided insights into how migraines might form.

Researchers previously thought migraines were caused by blood vessel issues. But recent evidence has shown that different parts of your nervous system are involved in them. 

Scientists have also identified certain genes that may play a role in whether or not you get migraines. Research is ongoing, but these developments may help with new treatments down the road. 

The four stages of a migraine

Migraines are different for each person, but in general, there are four stages of a migraine: the prodromal stage, aura, headache pain, and postdrome stage.

1. Prodromal stage

Often called the “pre-headache” stage, the prodrome is the first phase of a migraine. While migraines can be spontaneous, this phase can be a warning sign for an upcoming attack. It typically occurs a day or two before the onset of a headache. 

Everyone experiences migraines differently, but common symptoms in this phase include:

• mood changes

• fatigue

• neck pain

• food cravings

• vision difficulties

• light or sound sensitivity

Noticing this phase early and getting treatment may help prevent a migraine altogether. If you know your migraine triggers, avoid them when possible. 

Prevention looks different for each person, but drinking plenty of water, eating regular, healthy meals, and finding a relaxing environment may help prevent a migraine.

2. Aura

The second phase, aura, can occur before or alongside a headache. Aura typically arises gradually and can last anywhere from a few minutes to an hour. 

Not everyone will go through this phase, but those who do may experience sensory symptoms, such as:

• visual field issues

• visions such as bright lines 

• ringing in the ears

• tingling or numbness

• weakness on one side of the body or face

If aura develops before the onset of a headache, you may be able to prevent the migraine from happening. But not all migraines involve aura.

3. Headache pain

The headache phase of a migraine is a distinct throbbing pain usually on just one side of the head. Migraine headaches can last for a few hours to several days. 

While a severe headache is a hallmark, you may also experience other symptoms, such as:

• nausea

• vomiting

• sensitivity to light or sound

• runny nose

• pain sensitivity

As with the other phases, what helps during the headache phase will be unique to each person. For some people, taking a nap in a cool, dark, and quiet room can provide relief.

4. Postdrome phase

The period immediately after the headache phase is known as the postdrome phase. This phase typically lasts 1–2 days after the headache pain ends. 

Symptoms during this phase vary, but common symptoms include:

• fatigue

• difficulty concentrating

• dizziness

• mood changes

You may find some relief by practicing self-care during this phase. Avoid stress where possible and try participating in a relaxing activity.

When should I be worried?

You may want to seek advice from your healthcare provider if your migraines:

• occur once a week or more

• are disrupting your work or personal life

• are causing you to take medication more than twice a week, including for other headaches

Seek immediate care if you experience any of the following symptoms alongside your migraine:

• fever

• muscle weakness

• blurred vision

• seeing double

• confusion

• symptoms that are unusual for you

Also, seek urgent medical attention if you experience abnormal migraine symptoms and are pregnant or have another health condition, such as:

• heart problems

• kidney or liver disease

• an immune system condition

Migraine prevention

What prevents a migraine will be different from person to person, but following some general tips may be helpful. 

Research suggests that stress is a leading trigger for migraines. 

Mindfulness therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy, may help some people.

Being physically active can also help. Scientists have found links between aerobic activity — the kind that gets your heart pumping — and improved pain, length, and frequency of migraines. 

However, some people find that physical activity can also trigger a migraine, so be mindful of what works best for you.

If you're experiencing severe migraines frequently, your doctor may also suggest a long-term medication to help prevent them from happening. Discuss which option is best for you with your healthcare provider.

Summary

There are generally four phases of a migraine: the prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome phase. In total, this can last anywhere from a couple of days to a week, but each stage has its own time duration range.

Typically the prodromal stage will last 1–2 days. The second stage, aura, is usually finished within 1 hour. 

The painful headache stage is particularly variable in duration, lasting anywhere from a few hours to several days.

Like the prodromal stage, the postdrome stage usually lasts 1–2 days.

However, not every migraine will involve each stage. Similarly, migraine symptoms, phases, severity, and effective treatments will vary from person to person.